Removal of Organic Pollutant from Industrial Rubber Wastewater Using Pineapple Crown Bio-Adsorbents
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Keywords:
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Adsorption, Agricultural Waste, Pineapple Waste, Rubber Industry
Abstract
Industrial rubber wastewater contains high levels of organic substances (proteins, carotenoids, organic salts, and lipids in residual latex) that can be observed in high concentrations of BOD5 (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) and COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand). Pineapple waste is an organic waste that can be utilized as a bio-adsorbent to remove pollutants from wastewater. This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of pineapple crown waste activated with KOH in removing BOD5 and COD in rubber industry wastewater. The effectiveness of the adsorbent was tested in batches at varying adsorbent dosages of 0.5 g, 1.0 g, and 1.5 g at stirring speeds of 50 rpm, 100 rpm, and 150 rpm. The adsorption isotherm model was analyzed using the Langmuir and the Freundlich models. The results showed that the optimum BOD5 removal rate in rubber industry wastewater using pineapple crown adsorbent was achieved at an adsorbent dosage of 0.5 g with a stirring speed of 100 rpm, resulting in an adsorption capacity of 62.78 mg/g and a removal efficiency of 94.35%. The optimum COD removal was achieved at an adsorbent dosage of 0.5 g, with a stirring speed of 100 rpm, resulting in an adsorption capacity of 199.816 mg/g and a removal efficiency of 95.15%. The adsorption isotherm model most suitable for both BOD5 and COD is the Freundlich model. Increasing the adsorbent dosage does not significantly enhance removal efficiency.
References
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Riyanti, A., M. Kasman, B. Surya, I. Saputra, R. Rahmah, and D. Fitri (2024c). Biochar-Based Subsurface-Flow Wetland from Crumb Rubber Scrap in Treatment of Landfill Leachate. Jurnal Presipitasi, 21(1); 51–60
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Tan, X., S. Liu, Y. Liu, Y. Gu, G. Zeng, and X. Hu (2017). Biochar As Potential Sustainable Precursors For Activated Carbon Production: Multiple Applications In Environmental Protection And Energy Storage. Bioresource Technology, 227; 359–372
Taqui, S. N., A. A. Syed, N. M. Mubarak, R. A. Farade, M. A. M. Khan, M. A. Kalam, M. H. Dehghani, M. E. M. Soudagar, R. A. Rather, S. Z. M. Shamshuddin, and R. R. Karri (2023). Insights into Isotherms, Kinetics, and Thermodynamics of Adsorption of Acid Blue 113 from an Aqueous Solution of Nutraceutical Industrial Fennel Seed Spent. Scientific Reports, 13(1); 22665
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Adawiyah, R., N. Yuliasari, Y. Hanifah, K. Alawiyah, and N. R. Palapa (2021). Utilizing Areca catechu L. Fruit Peel-Derived Biochar and Hydrochar for Environmental Applications. Indonesian Journal of Environmental Management and Sustainability, 8; 135–144
Alrowais, R., M. T. Bashir, A. A. Khan, M. Bashir, I. Abbas, and M. M. A. Daiem (2024). Adsorption and Kinetics Modelling for Chromium (Cr(VI)) Uptake from Contaminated Water by Quaternized Date Palm Waste. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 16; 294
Baird, R. B., A. D. Eaton, and W. E. Federation (2017). Standard Methods For The Examination Of Water And Wastewater. American Public Health Association, Washington, DC, 23rd edition
Bayuo, J., M. J. Rwiza, K. M. Mtei, and J. W. Choi (2024). Adsorptive Removal of Heavy Metals from Wastewater Using Low-Cost Adsorbents Derived from Agro-Based Materials. In Sustainable Materials for Water and Wastewater Treatment. pages 237–271
Bbumba, S., I. Karume, H. K. Nsamba, M. Kigozi, and M. Kato (2024). An Insight into Isotherm Models in Physical Characterization of Adsorption Studies. European Journal of Applied Sciences, 12(2); 115–134
Cano, F. J., O. Reyes-Vallejo, R. M. Sánchez-Albores, P. J. Sebastian, A. Cruz-Salomón, M. d. C. Hernández-Cruz, W. Montejo-López, M. González Reyes, R. d. P. Serrano Ramírez, and H. H. Torres-Ventura (2025). Activated Biochar from Pineapple Crown Biomass: A High Efficiency Adsorbent for Organic Dye Removal. Sustainability, 17(1); 616–617
Chouchane, T., A. Boukari, O. Khireddine, S. Chibani, and S. Chouchane (2023). Equilibrium, Kinetics, and Thermodynamics of Batch Adsorption of Mn(II) Ions on Blast Furnace Slag and Kaolin. Journal of Engineering and Applied Science, 70(1); 58
Dehghani, M. H., S. Ahmadi, S. Ghosh, et al. (2023). Recent Advances on Sustainable Adsorbents for the Remediation of Noxious Pollutants from Water and Wastewater: A Critical Review. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 16(12); 105303
Detho, A., A. Hameed, and A. Fahmi (2022). Ammoniacal Nitrogen, Chemical Oxygen Demand, and Color Reduction in Rubber Processing Industry Effluent Using Zeolite. Desalination and Water Treatment, 270; 185–193
Gaber, M. M., H. Shokry, A. H. Hassanin, S. Awad, M. Samy, and M. Elkady (2025). Novel Palm Peat Lignocellulosic Adsorbent Derived from Agricultural Residues for Efficient Methylene Blue Dye Removal from Textile Wastewater. Applied Water Science, 15(2)
He, R., K. Hui, X. Zhang, and H. Yao (2024). Insight into the Role of the Pore Structure and Surface Functional Groups in Biochar on the Adsorption of Sulfamethoxazole from Synthetic Urine. Applied Sciences, 14(5); 1715
Hoang, T. D., Y. Liu, and M. T. Le (2024). Performance of CO2 Adsorption on Modified Activated Carbons Derived from Okara Powder Waste: Impacts of Ammonia Impregnation. Processes, 12(9); 2024
Jiang, T., H. M. Morgan, W. Tsai, H. Chien, T. Yen, and Y. Lee (2024). Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass into Biochar: Enhancing Adsorption Kinetics and Pore Properties for Environmental Sustainability. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16(15); 6623
Maryani, A. T., A. D. Handra, M. S. Fitriani, and Y. G. Wibowo (2023). Effects of Rubber Factory Wastewater Sludge Compost on the Growth Parameters of Rubber Seedlings: A Nursery Study and Environmental Perspective. Jurnal Presipitasi, 20(3); 602–611
Mason, S. A., V. G. Welch, and J. Neratko (2018). Synthetic Polymer Contamination in Bottled Water. Frontiers in Chemistry, 6; 389699
Mishra, S., S. K. Bindhani, and H. Jena (2024). Adsorption Isotherm Studies for COD-BOD Removal from Dairy Waste Water Using Freshly Prepared Adsorbent. International Journal of Environmental Sciences, 13(4); 71–75
Mu, Q., C. Liu, Y. Guo, K. Wang, Z. Gao, Y. Du, and C. Cao (2024). Preparation of Supercapacitor Carbon Electrode Materials by Low-Temperature Carbonization of High-Nitrogen-Doped Raw Materials. Materials, 17(16); 3984
Mukherjee, S., A. C. Leri, and C. Bandaranayaka (2025). Sustainable Management of Post-Phytoremediation Biomass. Environmental Challenges, 10; 1–35
Murphy, O. P., M. Vashishtha, P. Palanisamy, and K. V. Kumar(2023). A Review on the Adsorption Isotherms and Design Calculations for the Optimization of Adsorbent Mass and Contact Time. ACS Omega, 8(20); 17407–17430
Nasir, N., Z. Daud, A. A. Kadir, A. Aziz, A. Latiff, B. Ahmad, N. Suhani, H. Awang, A. Oyekanmi, and A. A. Halim (2019). Removal of Ammonia Nitrogen from Rubber Industry Wastewater Using Zeolite as an Adsorbent. Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, 15(6); 862–866
Naswir, M., M. A. Caniago, and Y. G. Wibowo (2020). Utilization of Bentonite and Activated Carbon from Coal to Reduce BOD and COD Levels in Rubber Industrial Wastewater. Jurnal Presipitasi, 17(2); 121–127
Pasieczna-Patkowska, S. and M. Cichy (2025). Application of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy in Characterization of Green Synthesized Nanoparticles. Materials Today: Proceedings, 30(3); 684
Putra, T. A. R., E. N. Yunari, B. S. Pratama, J. E. Witoyo, M. B.Pangestu, E. P. D. Putra, A. W. Nugraha, and W. H. Devita (2025). Characterization of Activated Carbon from Coffee Husk Using Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) as an Activator. Jurnal Keteknikan Pertanian Tropis dan Biosistem, 13(1); 1–9
Putri, B. I. (2024). Hydrothermal Carbonization of Eucheuma Cottonii for Selective Adsorption of Heavy Metals. Indonesian Journal of Environmental Management and Sustainability, 8; 154–165
Riyanti, A., H. Hadrah, and A. M. Z. Sihombing (2024a). Recycling of Water Treatment Plant Sludge for Copper Adsorption from Aqueous Solutions. Jurnal Lahan Suboptimal, 13(2); 174–185
Riyanti, A., M. Kasman, B. S. Ramadan, I. Saputra, and R. D. Fitri (2024b). Crumb Rubber Scrap dalam Pengolahan Lindi Tempat Pembuangan Akhir (TPA). Media Komunikasi dan Pengembangan Teknik Lingkungan, 21(1); 51–60 (In Indonesia)
Riyanti, A., M. Kasman, B. Surya, I. Saputra, R. Rahmah, and D. Fitri (2024c). Biochar-Based Subsurface-Flow Wetland from Crumb Rubber Scrap in Treatment of Landfill Leachate. Jurnal Presipitasi, 21(1); 51–60
Saghir, Y., A. Chaoui, S. Farsad, A. Ben Hamou, A. Amjlef, M. Benafqir, N. El Alem, and M. Ez-Zahery (2025). Improving the Adsorption Efficiency of a Low-Cost Natural Adsorbent for the Removal of an Organic Pollutant: Optimization and Mechanism Study. Materials Advances, 6(14); 4857–4873
Sinaga, L. F., A. Munandar, and R. N. Azizah (2023). Reduction of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Total Suspended Solid (TSS) Levels in Rubber Wastewater Using Biosand Filter Reactor with Activated Carbon Media Based on the Effect of Residence Time. Journal of Community Based Environmental Engineering and Management, 7(1); 1–10
Tan, X., S. Liu, Y. Liu, Y. Gu, G. Zeng, and X. Hu (2017). Biochar As Potential Sustainable Precursors For Activated Carbon Production: Multiple Applications In Environmental Protection And Energy Storage. Bioresource Technology, 227; 359–372
Taqui, S. N., A. A. Syed, N. M. Mubarak, R. A. Farade, M. A. M. Khan, M. A. Kalam, M. H. Dehghani, M. E. M. Soudagar, R. A. Rather, S. Z. M. Shamshuddin, and R. R. Karri (2023). Insights into Isotherms, Kinetics, and Thermodynamics of Adsorption of Acid Blue 113 from an Aqueous Solution of Nutraceutical Industrial Fennel Seed Spent. Scientific Reports, 13(1); 22665
Xu, L., F. Zhao, J. Peng, M. Ji, and B. L. Li (2025). A Comprehensive Review of the Application and Potential of Straw Biochar in the Remediation of Heavy Metal Contaminated Soil. Toxics, 13(2); 69
Authors
Fitria, R. R. D. ., Riyanti, A. ., Hadrah, Marhadi, Nazarudin, & Sisca Afrilia Silalahi. (2026). Removal of Organic Pollutant from Industrial Rubber Wastewater Using Pineapple Crown Bio-Adsorbents. Indonesian Journal of Environmental Management and Sustainability, 10(1), 60-69. https://doi.org/10.26554/ijems.2026.10.1.60-69
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