Strategic Formulation for Sustainable Campus Development: A SWOT-TOWS Analysis of Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia
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Keywords:
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Evaluation, Implementation, Sustainable Campus, Strategy, UNS
Abstract
Higher education institutions must implement appropriate evaluation and strategy determination to support their role in establishing a Sustainable Campus. This study aims to (1) evaluate the implementation of the sustainable campus program at Universitas Sebelas Maret (UNS), (2) analyze the dominance of internal (IFAS) and external (EFAS) factors at UNS, and (3) formulate strategies that UNS should implement to strengthen its sustainable campus initiatives-the implementation evaluation utilized data from the UNS GreenMetric report. The factor dominance analysis employed IFAS and EFAS, while the strategy formulation used SWOT-TOWS analysis. The findings indicate that UNS has stagnant scores in the Water (WR) and Transportation (TR) indicators. Furthermore, UNS’s strengths lie in its open space availability and sustainable academic programs, though this advantage is hindered by limited budget allocation for toxic waste management. Based on the analysis, the recommended course of action for UNS is the Strengths-Opportunities (SO) strategy. The implementation of this SO strategy is necessary for UNS to advance its role as a sustainable campus successfully. This study implies that the integration of sustainability performance evaluation using UI GreenMetric data with IFAS, EFAS, and SWOT-TOWS analysis provides a structured basis for identifying dominant strategic conditions and formulating strength-oriented strategies to improve sustainable campus implementation at Universitas Sebelas Maret. The study implies that Universitas Sebelas Maret should utilize sustainability assessment results as strategic inputs rather than merely as reporting tools, enabling more targeted interventions in critical areas such as water and transportation management. These findings may further contribute to the development of management strategies derived from SWOT and TOWS analyses in other universities across Indonesia.
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Barth, M., J. Godemann, M. Rieckmann, and U. Stoltenberg (2007). Developing Key Competencies for Sustainable Development in Higher Education. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 8(4); 416–430
Battistini, R., L. Sacchetti, and A. Braschi (2021). The Impact of Mobility Policy and Modal Share to The University Community in Bologna. Journal of Sustainability Perspectives, 1; 374–380
Budihardjo, M. A., B. S. Ramadan, S. A. Putri, I. F. S. Wahyuningrum, and F. I. Muhammad (2021). Towards Sustainability in Higher-Education Institutions: Analysis of Contributing Factors and Appropriate Strategies. Sustainability, 13(12); 6562
Chowdhury, N., C. A. Hossain, M. Longo, and W. Yaïci (2018). Optimization of Solar Energy Systems for Electric Vehicles at a University Campus in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Energies, 11(9); 2433
Dawodu, A., H. Dai, T. Zou, H. Zhou, W. Lian, J. Oladejo, and F. Osebor (2022). Campus Sustainability Research: Indicators and Dimensions to Consider for the Design and Assessment of a Sustainable Campus. Heliyon, 8(12); e11864
Dzia?ek, J., E. Jarecka-Bidzi?ska, A. Staniewska, and F. Téoule (2025). (Re)Greening Transition of Academic Green Spaces as a Response to Social and Environmental Challenges: The Role of Bottom-Up Initiatives. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 105; 128692
Escalona, M.-J., N. Parcus De Koch, and G. Rossi (2022). A Quantitative SWOT–TOWS Analysis for the Adoption of Model-Based Software Engineering. The Journal of Object Technology, 21(4); 4:1
Filho, W. L., C. Shiel, A. Paço, M. Mifsud, L. V. Ávila, L. L. Brandli, P. Molthan-Hill, P. Pace, U. M. Azeiteiro, V. R. Vargas, and S. Caeiro (2019). Sustainable Development Goals and Sustainability Teaching at Universities: Falling Behind or Getting Ahead of the Pack? Journal of Cleaner Production, 232; 285–294
Gherhe?, V. and M. Cernicova-Buca (2025). Reducing Water Consumption on a Student Campus through Communication Campaigns. Sustainability, 17(2); 680
Gürel, E. (2017). SWOT Analysis: A Theoretical Review. Journal of International Social Research, 10(51); 994–1006
Hidayat, F. and O. C. Dewi (2022). Strengthening Sustainable Context of Water Management in Educational Building Universitas Indonesia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1058(1); 012009
Kiswanto, G., D. Hanzen, F. Safitri, and F. Febrianty (2021). Transportation Management in Universitas Indonesia. Journal of Sustainability Perspectives, 1; 493–500
Kowalik, K. and D. Klimecka-Tatar (2017). SWOT–TOWS Analysis as a Planning Tool of Process Improvement Based on PDCA Cycle in Service Enterprise. Quality Production Improvement, 6; 152–162
Kumaat, E. J., I. S. Manembu, S. M. Mambu, and G. M. Mangindaan (2023). Sustainable Campus Through Organic Waste Management Program Implementation. Journal of Sustainability Perspectives, 15; 581–6
Lozano, R., R. Lukman, F. J. Lozano, D. Huisingh, and W. Lambrechts (2013). Declarations for Sustainability in Higher Education: Becoming Better Leaders through Addressing the University System. Journal of Cleaner Production, 48; 10–19
Lukács, R. and Á. Papp-Váry (2024). Beyond Green Campuses. Prosperitas, 11(3); 1–14
Maity, R., K. Sudhakar, A. Abdul Razak, A. Karthick, and D. Barbulescu (2023). Agrivoltaic: A Strategic Assessment Using SWOT and TOWS Matrix. Energies, 16(8); 3313
Movlyanov, A. and S. B. Selçuklu (2025). Energy Efficiency Optimization Model for Sustainable Campus Buildings and Transportation. Buildings, 15(12); 1993
Munaro, M. R. and V. M. John (2025). Towards More Sustainable Universities: A Critical Review and Reflections on Sustainable Practices at Universities Worldwide. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 56; 284–310
Murti, R. P. K., M. Z. Hamivaldi, I. Ismiyati, and S. Supriyono (2024). Analisis Dan Evaluasi Pengembangan Rute Bus Kampus Undip Dalam Rangka Menuju Transportasi Yang Berkelanjutan. Wahana Teknik Sipil: Jurnal Pengembangan Teknik Sipil, 29(1); 178–193 (in Indonesia)
Oktari, R. S., B. Latuamury, R. Idroes, H. Sofyan, and K. Munadi (2023). Knowledge Management Strategy for Managing Disaster and the COVID-19 Pandemic in Indonesia: SWOT Analysis Based on the Analytic Network Process. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 85; 103503
Pawenary, A. D. Larasati, Suhdi, and R. S. Wardhani (2023). Feasibility of Waste-to-Energy Plants for STT-PLN Campus Canteen. Nature Environment and Pollution Technology, 22(1); 427–432
Puyt, R. W., F. B. Lie, and C. P. M. Wilderom (2023). The Origins of SWOT Analysis. Long Range Planning, 56(3); 102304
Rajalakshmi, S., B. Mythili Gnanamangai, D. V. Kumar, V. S. Santhya, M. Priya, R. M. Josephine, A. K. Srivastava, R. Sudhakaran, and M. A. Deepa (2022). Green Campus Audit Procedures and Implementation to Educational Institutions and Industries. Nature Environment and Pollution Technology, 21(4); 1921–1932
Rangkuti, F. (2013). SWOT Analysis: Techniques for Dissecting Business Cases. Gramedia Pustaka Utama, Jakarta. In Indonesian
Reset (2018). Save Water: Reduce Your Water Footprint
Rizal, D. H. and G. Nawanir (2025). Research Trends on Green Campus in Southeast Asia: A Bibliometric Review. Indonesian Interdisciplinary Journal of Sharia Economics, 8(2); 4185–4202
Septiani, F. (2022). Marketing Strategy Analysis to Increase Consumer Satisfaction Using SWOT Analysis on Caffein Waroeng Kopi Bojongsari. International Journal of Science, Technology & Management, 3(1); 202–208
Setiawan, T., R. Triatmadja, I. Supraba, and B. Kamulyan (2018). Campus Drinking Water Supply System Performance Analysis Universitas Gadjah Mada of Yogyakarta. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 881; 64–69
Shange, H. S., L. K. J. Zogli, and B. I. Dlamini (2025). Green campus initiatives and strategies for sustainability in higher education. Transformation in Higher Education, 10; 364
Skotnicka-Zasadzie?, B. and W. Grebski (2023). Application of TOWS/SWOT Analysis as an Element of Strategic Management on the Example of a Manufacturing Company. Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology, 2023(189); 541–551
Soebagyo, D., T. Triyono, and Y. T. Cahyono (2013). Regional Competitiveness and Its Implications for Development. Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan: Kajian Masalah Ekonomi dan Pembangunan, 14(2); 160
Sonetti, G., P. Lombardi, and L. Chelleri (2016). True Green and Sustainable University Campuses? Toward a Clusters Approach. Sustainability, 8(1); 83
Tangwanichagapong, S., V. Nitivattananon, B. Mohanty, and C. Visvanathan (2017). Greening of a Campus through Waste Management Initiatives: Experience from a Higher Education Institution in Thailand. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 18(2); 203–217
Teoli, D., T. Sanvictores, and J. An (2025). SWOT Analysis. StatPearls Publishing
UI GreenMetric (2023). UI GreenMetric World University Rankings: Background of the Ranking
UI GreenMetric (2024a). Overall Rankings 2024 – UI GreenMetric World University Rankings. https://greenmetric.ui.ac.id/rankings/overall-rankings-2024. Universitas Indonesia
UI GreenMetric (2024b). Universitas Sebelas Maret Profile. https://greenmetric.ui.ac.id/profile/university/uns.ac.id. UI GreenMetric World University Rankings
Universitas Sebelas Maret (2024). Sustainable Development Goals. Green Campus Universitas Sebelas Maret
Weihrich, H. (1982). The TOWS Matrix–A Tool for Situational Analysis. Long Range Planning, 15(2); 54–66
Wiwoho, J., S. Suryanto, M. Murtanti, and S. Nugraha (2021). The management of the water as an effort to realize a green Campus in Universitas Sebelas Maret Surakarta. Journal of Sustainability Perspectives, 1; 225–231
Authors
Muzzazinah, Rahayu, M. J. ., Suryanto, Sulistyana, Y., & Andriani, F. (2026). Strategic Formulation for Sustainable Campus Development: A SWOT-TOWS Analysis of Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia. Indonesian Journal of Environmental Management and Sustainability, 10(1), 47-59. https://doi.org/10.26554/ijems.2026.10.1.47-59
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