Transforming Tofu Wastewater into Sustainable Organic Fertilizer: A Fermentation Approach with EM4 and Coconut Water
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Keywords:
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Tofu Wastewater Fermentation, Liquid Organic Fertilizer, Effective Microorganisms (EM4), Coconut Water Fermentation, Sustainable Agriculture
Abstract
This growing need for sustainable agriculture has made using recycled waste material in plant cultivation a significant area of research. The tofu industry, as a leading producer of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K)-rich wastewater, is a valuable substrate resource for microbial fermentation. The application of solid-state fermentation using EM4 with coconut water under aerobic and anaerobic processes works towards acidification of DM, increasing bioavailable nutrients and minimizing environmental implications from untreated wastewater discharge. This study determined the feasibility of fermenting tofu wastewater with coconut water and EM4 to produce liquid organic fertilizer and analyzed the product’s N, P2O5, K2O, C-organic, and C/N ratio. Fermentation occurred at 4:1 of tofu wastewater: fermentation materials, with EM4 concentrations of 10%, 25%, and 50% under anaerobic conditions for 14 days. The fertilizer produced was analyzed and compared with liquid organic health fertilizer according to nonstandard percent by Minister of Agriculture no. 70/Permentan/SR.140/10/2011. Results showed that fermentation increased tofu wastewater’s protein and amino acid contents. The highest nitrogen content (3.09 ± 0.023%) was obtained by treatment C (50% EM4), meeting standard requirements (3-6% N). The K2O
concentration of treatment C peaked at 3.28 ± 0.025% (K2O) within the acceptable range (3-6% K2O). The C-organic content in treatment C reached 10.5 ± 0.094%, exceeding the minimum quality (6%). The P2O5 contents never exceeded the maximum limit (2.22 ± 0.0057%). Although it indicates a rapid-acting fertilizer, the C/N ratio remained low for all treatments.
References
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Li, T., C. Zhan, G. Guo, Z. Liu, N. Hao, and P. Ouyang (2021). Tofu Processing Wastewater as a Low-Cost Substrate for High Activity Nattokinase Production Using Bacillus Subtilis. BMC Biotechnology, 21; 1–12
Meng, T. and J. Liu (2021). Effects of Bio-Organic Fertilizers on Soil Organic Carbon Components and Biomass of Shamrock. Bangladesh Journal of Botany, 911–916
Menteri Pertanian (2011). Permentan No. 70/Permentan/SR.140/10/2011 Tahun 2011
Musa, M., S. Arsad, L. Sari, E. Lusiana, R. Kasitowati, E. Yulinda, T. Nadhira, and D. Cahyani (2021). Does Tofu Wastewater Conversions Nutrient Increase the Content of the Chlorella Pyrenoidosa? Journal of Ecological Engineering, 22; 70–76
Nugroho, G., R. Sulistyaningrum, R. Melania, and W. Handayani (2019). Environmental Analysis of Tofu Production in the Context of Cleaner Production: Case Study of Tofu Household Industries in Salatiga, Indonesia. Journal of Environmental Science and Sustainable Development, 2; 127–138
Nurhayati, I., N. Maulidhani, J. Sutrisno, and M. Al Kholif (2024). Sustainable Pre-Treatment of Tempeh Industry Wastewater: Efficiency of Vermifiltration in Pollutant Mitigation and Compost Production. Desalination and Water Treatment, 320; 100820
Permana, D. (2024). Performance of Salt-Bridge Microbial Fuel Cell (SB-MFC) With Various Microorganism Cultures on the Generation of Electricity From Tofu Wastewater. Indonesian Journal of Biotechnology, 29; 48
Permana, D. and Djaenudin (2019). Performance of Single Chamber Microbial Fuel Cell (SCMFC) for Biological Treatment of Tofu Wastewater. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 277; 012008
Putri, A. and J. Waluyo (2022). Analysis of Potential GHG Emissions From Tofu Industry and Its Mitigation in Indonesia. Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan, 23; 062–070
Putri, D., I. Nurhayati, J. Sutrisno, M. Al Kholif, and S. Widyastuti (2024). Tempe Wastewater Treatment Using Effective Microorganism (EM) Based on Kepok Banana Peel Waste. Berkala Saintek, 12; 116–124
Randa, D. (2023). Effect of Adding “Raja” Banana Peel Bioactivator (Musa Textilia) on Tempeh Liquid Waste in Making Organic Liquid Fertilizer. Jurnal Kesehatan Lingkungan, 15; 127–133
Rasiska, S., N. Nabila, D. Dono, T. Sunarto, and C. Nasahi (2022). The Effect of Tofu Wastewater on Cabbage Growth and Preference of Plutella Xylostella. Cropsaver Journal of Plant Protection, 5; 15
Rasmito, A., A. Hutomo, and A. Hartono (2019). Pembuatan Pupuk Organik Cair Dengan Cara Fermentasi Limbah Cair Tahu, Starter Filtrat Kulit Pisang Dan Kubis, Dan Bioaktivator EM4. Jurnal Iptek, 23; 55–62
Rasmito, A., A. Sato, and N. Widari (2023). The Effect of Starter Ratio on Tofu-Processing Wastewater Fermentation Into Fertilizer. Engineering and Technology Journal, 8; 2207–2212
Sefia, D. (2024). Utilization of Tofu Wastewater for Environmental Conservation and Economic Improvement in Taman Village, Grujungan District, Bondowoso Regency. JRCE (Journal of Research on Community Engagement), 6; 36–40
Sugiharti, I., A. Raksun, and I. Mertha (2022). The Effect of Liquid Organic Fertilizer From Tofu Industrial Waste and EM4 on the Growth of Mustard Greens (Brasicajuncea L.). Jurnal Pijar MIPA, 17; 554–559
Sugito, S., M. Al Kholif, R. Ratnawati, and N. Permatasari (2023). Effect of Variations in the Composition of Cow’s Rumen and Straw on the Quality of Organic Fertilizer. Berkala Saintek, 11; 40
Sutrisno, J., I. Nurhayati, M. Al Kholif, and D. Rahmaniasari (2022). Domestic Wastewater Treatment Using Vermifilter Combined With Canna Indica. Indonesian Journal of Urban and Environmental Technology, 281–295
Taufikurahman, T. (2024). Phycoremediation of Tofu Wastewater Using a Mixed Culture of Chlorella Vulgaris and Nannochloropsis Oculate With Salicylic Acid Elicitor. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, volume 1388. page 012012
Wardani, L., S. Utomo, and H. Kusnoputranto (2020). Evaluation of Sustainable Impacts on Wastewater Treatment of Tofu Industry. In The 1st International Conference on Environmental Science and Sustainable Development (ICESSD 2019). Jakarta
Widayat, W., J. Philia, and J. Wibisono (2018). Cultivation of Microalgae Chlorella Sp on Fresh Water and Waste Water of Tofu Industry. E3S Web of Conferences, 31; 04009
Widiyanto, A. (2023). Evaluation of the Success of the Tofu Industrial Wastewater Treatment Plant Using Structural Equation Modeling. International Journal of Geomate, 25; 59–66
Wijayanto, T., A. Khaeruni, M. Taufik, L. Safuan, B. Santiaji, et al. (2022). Standardized organic fertilizer formulations and their effectiveness in enhancing the role of biological agents to increase disease resistance and maize productivity in marginal lands. Indian Journal of Agricultural Research, 56(3); 337–343
Yuliany, R. (2024). Goat Manure Formula in Sludge Cake Wastewater Treatment Plant as Organic Fertilizer. In BIO Web of Conferences, volume 90. page 06001
Zaman, B., N. Hardyanti, P. Purwono, and J. Ivana (2022). Utilization of Magnetic Silica as Tofu Wastewater Treatment Absorber (Influence of Mass and Adsorption Time). In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, volume 1098. page 012058
Adiyaksa Fazrian, S., S. Widyastuti, M. Al Kholif, and Pungut (2025). Evaluation of Pathogen Reduction and Compost Quality in Takakura Method Composting of Organic Waste and Disposable Diapers. Jurnal Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan, 11; 110–117
Ajijah, N., B. Tjandra, U. Hamidah, Widyarani, and N. Sintawardani (2020). Utilization of Tofu Wastewater as a Cultivation Medium for Chlorella Vulgaris and Arthrospira Platensis. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 483; 012027
Al-Hadi, A. M. and Y. I. Masjud (2021). The Study of Tong Composter in Produced Liquid Organic Fertilizer. Journal of Environmental Engineering & Waste Management, 6; 71
Al Kholif, M., F. Alfiah, Sugito, Pungut, and J. Sutrisno (2021a). Penggunaan Biofilter Anaerob untuk Menurunkan Kadar Pencemar Organik pada Limbah Cair Industri Tahu. Jukung (Jurnal Teknik Lingkungan), 7; 149–158 (in Indonesia)
Al Kholif, M., I. Istaharoh, Pungut, J. Sutrisno, and S. Widyastuti (2021b). Penerapan Teknologi Fitoremediasi untuk Menghilangkan Kadar COD dan TSS pada Air Buangan Industri Tahu. Al-Ard: Jurnal Teknik Lingkungan, 6; 77–85 (in Indonesia)
Al Kholif, M., Pungut, Sugito, J. Sutrisno, and W. S. Dewi (2020). Pengaruh Waktu Tinggal dan Media Tanam pada Constructed Wetland untuk Mengolah Air Limbah Industri Tahu. Jurnal Al Ard, 5; 107–115 (in Indonesia)
Angui, T. K. P., A. J. A. Kotaix, K. E. Kassin, K. E. N’Goran, Z. K. Pierrec, and B. Bonfoh (2018). Effects of Organic Fertilizer (NPK 5-9-19) and Mineral (NPK 12-11-18) on Soil Chemical Properties in Tomato Crop in the South and Mid-West of the Ivory Coast. Journal of Soil Science and Environmental Management, 9; 108–118
Badan Standarisasi Nasional (2006). SNI 02-4958-2006 Pupuk Cair Hasil Samping Proses Asam Amino (Haspramin). Technical report
Budiastuti, H. (2024). Evaluation and Kinetics of Tofu Wastewater Bioreactor With Addition of Water Hyacinth. IIUM Engineering Journal, 25; 57–68
Chaorlina, A., M. Setyaningsih, and H. Faruq (2021). The Utilization of Tofu Waste Water as an Addition of Nutrition in Hydroponic Media to Lettuce Growth (Lactuca Sativa L.). IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 755; 012049
Ermadani, Hermansah, Yulnafatmawita, A. Syarif, and I. Lenin (2019). Use of Organic Waste as an Alternative Organic Fertilizer and Synthetic Fertilizer to Ameliorate Acid Soil Productivity. International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology, 9; 822–828
Faisal, M., I. Machdar, F. Mulana, and H. Daimon (2014). Potential Renewable Energy From Tofu Processing Waste in Banda Aceh City, Indonesia. Asian Journal of Chemistry, 26; 6601–6604
Gustiari, R. (2023). Techno-Economic Analysis of Utilization of Tofu Production Liquid Waste Into Liquid Organic Fertilizer Using Experimental Methods. JEBIN, 1; 10–18
Hadiyanto, H. (2018). Ozone Application for Tofu Waste Water Treatment and Its Utilisation for Growth Medium of Microalgae Spirulina Sp. E3S Web of Conferences, 31; 03002
Hadiyarto, A., D. Soetrisnanto, F. M. Huda, and N. A. Iswara (2018). The Effect of C/N Ratio and Type of Microbes Sludge to Biogas Production: Combination of Tapioca Industrial Wastewater and Tofu Industrial Wastewater. MATEC Web of Conferences, 156; 03036
Hardyanti and Nurandani (2023). Characteristics of Tofu Wastewater From Different Soybeans and Wastewater at Each Stage of Tofu Production. Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology, 24; 54–63
He, H., Z. Hou, S. Ru, and J. Li (2021). Effects and Comprehensive Evaluation of Different Organic Fertilizer Substitution Ratios on Maize Yield, Soil Organic Carbon Fractions, Nutrients and Heavy Metals
Hu, C., S. Li, Y. Qiao, D. Liu, and Y. Chen (2014). Effects of 30 Years Repeated Fertilizer Applications on Soil Properties, Microbes and Crop Yields in Rice–Wheat Cropping Systems. Experimental Agriculture, 51; 355–369
Indrawati, S., D. Anggoro, H. Sukamto, N. Puspitasari, B. Indarto, G. Prajitno, N. I. Arvitrida, L. Yuwana, et al. (2020). The Effectiveness of the Addition of EM4 and Molasses in Increasing Levels of N, P and K in Environmentally Friendly Liquid Fertilizers Made From Banana Pseudostem. In International Joint Conference on Science and Engineering (IJCSE 2020). Atlantis Press, pages 365–369
Latimer Jr, G. W. (2016). Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International. AOAC International, USA, 20th edition
Li, T., C. Zhan, G. Guo, Z. Liu, N. Hao, and P. Ouyang (2021). Tofu Processing Wastewater as a Low-Cost Substrate for High Activity Nattokinase Production Using Bacillus Subtilis. BMC Biotechnology, 21; 1–12
Meng, T. and J. Liu (2021). Effects of Bio-Organic Fertilizers on Soil Organic Carbon Components and Biomass of Shamrock. Bangladesh Journal of Botany, 911–916
Menteri Pertanian (2011). Permentan No. 70/Permentan/SR.140/10/2011 Tahun 2011
Musa, M., S. Arsad, L. Sari, E. Lusiana, R. Kasitowati, E. Yulinda, T. Nadhira, and D. Cahyani (2021). Does Tofu Wastewater Conversions Nutrient Increase the Content of the Chlorella Pyrenoidosa? Journal of Ecological Engineering, 22; 70–76
Nugroho, G., R. Sulistyaningrum, R. Melania, and W. Handayani (2019). Environmental Analysis of Tofu Production in the Context of Cleaner Production: Case Study of Tofu Household Industries in Salatiga, Indonesia. Journal of Environmental Science and Sustainable Development, 2; 127–138
Nurhayati, I., N. Maulidhani, J. Sutrisno, and M. Al Kholif (2024). Sustainable Pre-Treatment of Tempeh Industry Wastewater: Efficiency of Vermifiltration in Pollutant Mitigation and Compost Production. Desalination and Water Treatment, 320; 100820
Permana, D. (2024). Performance of Salt-Bridge Microbial Fuel Cell (SB-MFC) With Various Microorganism Cultures on the Generation of Electricity From Tofu Wastewater. Indonesian Journal of Biotechnology, 29; 48
Permana, D. and Djaenudin (2019). Performance of Single Chamber Microbial Fuel Cell (SCMFC) for Biological Treatment of Tofu Wastewater. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 277; 012008
Putri, A. and J. Waluyo (2022). Analysis of Potential GHG Emissions From Tofu Industry and Its Mitigation in Indonesia. Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan, 23; 062–070
Putri, D., I. Nurhayati, J. Sutrisno, M. Al Kholif, and S. Widyastuti (2024). Tempe Wastewater Treatment Using Effective Microorganism (EM) Based on Kepok Banana Peel Waste. Berkala Saintek, 12; 116–124
Randa, D. (2023). Effect of Adding “Raja” Banana Peel Bioactivator (Musa Textilia) on Tempeh Liquid Waste in Making Organic Liquid Fertilizer. Jurnal Kesehatan Lingkungan, 15; 127–133
Rasiska, S., N. Nabila, D. Dono, T. Sunarto, and C. Nasahi (2022). The Effect of Tofu Wastewater on Cabbage Growth and Preference of Plutella Xylostella. Cropsaver Journal of Plant Protection, 5; 15
Rasmito, A., A. Hutomo, and A. Hartono (2019). Pembuatan Pupuk Organik Cair Dengan Cara Fermentasi Limbah Cair Tahu, Starter Filtrat Kulit Pisang Dan Kubis, Dan Bioaktivator EM4. Jurnal Iptek, 23; 55–62
Rasmito, A., A. Sato, and N. Widari (2023). The Effect of Starter Ratio on Tofu-Processing Wastewater Fermentation Into Fertilizer. Engineering and Technology Journal, 8; 2207–2212
Sefia, D. (2024). Utilization of Tofu Wastewater for Environmental Conservation and Economic Improvement in Taman Village, Grujungan District, Bondowoso Regency. JRCE (Journal of Research on Community Engagement), 6; 36–40
Sugiharti, I., A. Raksun, and I. Mertha (2022). The Effect of Liquid Organic Fertilizer From Tofu Industrial Waste and EM4 on the Growth of Mustard Greens (Brasicajuncea L.). Jurnal Pijar MIPA, 17; 554–559
Sugito, S., M. Al Kholif, R. Ratnawati, and N. Permatasari (2023). Effect of Variations in the Composition of Cow’s Rumen and Straw on the Quality of Organic Fertilizer. Berkala Saintek, 11; 40
Sutrisno, J., I. Nurhayati, M. Al Kholif, and D. Rahmaniasari (2022). Domestic Wastewater Treatment Using Vermifilter Combined With Canna Indica. Indonesian Journal of Urban and Environmental Technology, 281–295
Taufikurahman, T. (2024). Phycoremediation of Tofu Wastewater Using a Mixed Culture of Chlorella Vulgaris and Nannochloropsis Oculate With Salicylic Acid Elicitor. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, volume 1388. page 012012
Wardani, L., S. Utomo, and H. Kusnoputranto (2020). Evaluation of Sustainable Impacts on Wastewater Treatment of Tofu Industry. In The 1st International Conference on Environmental Science and Sustainable Development (ICESSD 2019). Jakarta
Widayat, W., J. Philia, and J. Wibisono (2018). Cultivation of Microalgae Chlorella Sp on Fresh Water and Waste Water of Tofu Industry. E3S Web of Conferences, 31; 04009
Widiyanto, A. (2023). Evaluation of the Success of the Tofu Industrial Wastewater Treatment Plant Using Structural Equation Modeling. International Journal of Geomate, 25; 59–66
Wijayanto, T., A. Khaeruni, M. Taufik, L. Safuan, B. Santiaji, et al. (2022). Standardized organic fertilizer formulations and their effectiveness in enhancing the role of biological agents to increase disease resistance and maize productivity in marginal lands. Indian Journal of Agricultural Research, 56(3); 337–343
Yuliany, R. (2024). Goat Manure Formula in Sludge Cake Wastewater Treatment Plant as Organic Fertilizer. In BIO Web of Conferences, volume 90. page 06001
Zaman, B., N. Hardyanti, P. Purwono, and J. Ivana (2022). Utilization of Magnetic Silica as Tofu Wastewater Treatment Absorber (Influence of Mass and Adsorption Time). In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, volume 1098. page 012058
Authors
Pungut, Putri, H. O. ., Al Kholif, M., & Fitria, F. L. . (2025). Transforming Tofu Wastewater into Sustainable Organic Fertilizer: A Fermentation Approach with EM4 and Coconut Water. Indonesian Journal of Environmental Management and Sustainability, 9(2), 79-86. https://doi.org/10.26554/ijems.2025.9.2.79-86
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