Utilization of Coffee Peel Waste as Biosorbent for Rhodamine B Dye Removal: Isotherm, Kinetics, and Thermodynamic Studies
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Keywords:
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Adsorption, Coffee Peel Waste, Isotherm, Kinetics, Rhodamine B
Abstract
Coffee Peel Waste (CPW) is an abundant and inexpensive material that can be employed as a biosorbent to remove Rhodamine B (RB) dye from wastewater. This research utilized the batch adsorption approach to optimize the parameters of pH, starting concentration of dye and period of contact. At pH 8, 1000 mg/L as the starting concentration and 105 minutes as the contact time, the optimal conditions were established, exhibited an adsorption capacity of 71.8454 mg/g, aligning with the Langmuir isotherm model, wherein mechanism of adsorption demonstrated monolayer adsorption, and was most appropriate for the kinetic model of pseudo-second order. Thermodynamic analysis revealed that the adsorption occurred spontaneously and released heat, confirming its exothermic nature. FTIR characterization identified the functional sites involved in the adsorption mechanism. At the same time, SEM-EDX analysis showed morphological changes and an increase in some aspects after adsorption, confirming the attachment of RB to the surface of the CPW. This study reveals the advantages of CPW as an innovative, efficient and sustainable biosorbent, offering a new solution in wastewater treatment based on agro-industrial waste.
References
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Bilal, M., T. Rasheed, J. E. Sosa-Hernández, A. Raza, F. Nabeel, and H. M. N. Iqbal (2018). Biosorption: An Interplay Between Marine Algae and Potentially Toxic Elements—A Review. Marine Drugs, 16; 65
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Guiza, S. (2017). Biosorption of Heavy Metal from Aqueous Solution Using Cellulosic Waste Orange Peel. Ecological Engineering, 99; 134–140
Gul, S., H. Gul, M. Gul, R. Khattak, G. Rukh, M. S. Khan, and H. A. Aouissi (2022). Enhanced Adsorption of Rhodamine B on Biomass of Cypress/False Cypress (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana) Fruit: Optimization and Kinetic Study. Water (Switzerland), 14(19); 2987
Harrache, Z., M. Abbas, T. Aksil, and M. Trari (2019). Thermodynamic and Kinetics Studies on Adsorption of Indigo Carmine from Aqueous Solution by Activated Carbon. Microchemical Journal, 144; 180–189
Hevira, L., Zilfa, Rahmayeni, J. O. Ighalo, H. Aziz, and R. Zein (2021). Terminalia Catappa Shell as Low-Cost Biosorbent for the Removal of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solutions. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 97; 188–199
International Agency for Research on Cancer (2022). Agents Classified by the IARC Monographs. Igarss
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Jamali, M. and A. Akbari (2021). Facile Fabrication of Magnetic Chitosan Hydrogel Beads and Modified by Interfacial Polymerization Method and Study of Adsorption of Cationic/Anionic Dyes from Aqueous Solution. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 9(3); 105175
Jin, Y., C. Zeng, Q. F. Lü, and Y. Yu (2019). Efficient Adsorption of Methylene Blue and Lead Ions in Aqueous Solutions by 5-Sulfosalicylic Acid Modified Lignin. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 123; 50–58
Juwita, A. I., A. Mustafa, and R. Tamrin (2017). Studi Pemanfaatan Kulit Kopi Arabika (Coffea Arabica L.) sebagai Mikro Organisme Lokal (MOL). AGROINTEK, 11(1); 1–8
Kurniawati, D., Y. Prestica, S. Sy, and N. L. Pernadi (2023). Methylene Blue Adsorption by Langsat Peel (Lansium Domesticum) Waste. Jurnal Litbang Industri, 13(2); 93–98
Kyriakopoulos, G. L., K. Tsimnadis, I. Sebos, and Y. Charabi (2024). Investigating the Effect of Pore Size Distribution on the Sorption Types and the Adsorption Deformation Characteristics of Porous Continua: The Case of Adsorption on Carbonaceous Materials. Crystals, 14(8); 742
Mansour, A. T., A. E. Alprol, K. M. Abualnaja, H. S. El-Beltagi, K. M. A. Ramadan, and M. Ashour (2022). Dried Brown Seaweed’s Phytoremediation Potential for Methylene Blue Dye Removal from Aquatic Environments. Polymers, 14(7); 1375
Matias, C. A., L. J. Guisolphi Gomes De Oliveira, R. Geremias, and J. Stolberg (2020). Biosorption of Rhodamine B from Aqueous Solution Using Araucaria Angustifolia Sterile Bracts. Revista Internacional de Contaminacion Ambiental, 36(1); 97–104
Musafira, M., N. M. Adam, and D. J. Puspitasari (2019). Pemanfaatan Limbah Kulit Buah Pisang Kepok (Musa Paradisiaca) sebagai Biosorben Zat Warna Rhodamin B. Kovalen: Jurnal Riset Kimia, 5(3); 308–314
Naboulsi, A., I. Naboulsi, A. Regti, M. El Himri, and M. El Haddad (2023). The Valorization of Rosemary Waste as A New Biosorbent to Eliminate the Rhodamine B Dye. Microchemical Journal, 191; 108790
Palapa, N. R., A. Amri, and Y. Hanifah (2023). Potential Indonesian Rice Husk for Wastewater Treatment Agricultural Waste Preparation and Dye Removal Application. Indonesian Journal of Environmental Management and Sustainability, 7(4); 160–165
Peng, S. H., R. Wang, L. Z. Yang, L. He, X. He, and X. Liu (2018). Biosorption of Copper, Zinc, Cadmium and Chromium Ions From Aqueous Solution by Natural Foxtail Millet Shell. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 165; 61–69
Putri, B. I., F. S. Arsyad, and A. Lesbani (2024). Hydrothermal Carbonization of Eucheuma Cottonii for Selective Adsorption of Anionic Dyes. Indonesian Journal of Environmental Management and Sustainability, 8(4); 154–165
Ramadhani, P., Z. Chaidir, Zilfa, Z. B. Tomi, D. Rahmiarti, and R. Zein (2020). Shrimp Shell (Metapenaeus Monoceros) Waste as A Low-Cost Adsorbent for Metanil Yellow Dye Removal in Aqueous Solution. Desalination and Water Treatment, 197; 413–423
Rangabhashiyam, S., N. Anu, and N. Selvaraju (2013). Sequestration of Dye from Textile Industry Wastewater using Agricultural Waste Products as Adsorbents. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 1(4); 629–641
Senol, Z. M., N. E. Messaoudi, Y. Fernine, and Z. S. Keskin (2023). Bioremoval of Rhodamine B Dye from Aqueous Solution by Using Agricultural Solid Waste (Almond Shell): Experimental and DFT Modeling Studies. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 14; 17927–17940
Singh, S., A. Kumar, and H. Gupta (2020). Activated Banana Peel Carbon: A Potential Adsorbent for Rhodamine B Decontamination from Aqueous System. Applied Water Science, 10; 185
Subramaniam, R. and S. Kumar Ponnusamy (2015). Novel Adsorbent from Agricultural Waste (Cashew Nut Shell) for Methylene Blue Dye Removal: Optimization by Response Surface Methodology. Water Resources and Industry, 11; 64–70
Vigneshwaran, S., P. Sirajudheen, P. Karthikeyan, and S. Meenakshi (2021). Fabrication of Sulfur-Doped Biochar Derived from Tapioca Peel Waste with Superior Adsorption Performance for the Removal of Malachite Green and Rhodamine B Dyes. Surfaces and Interfaces, 23; 100920
Wierzbicka, E., Kusmierek, A. Swiatkowski, and I. Legocka (2022). Efficient Rhodamine B Dye Removal from Water by Acid- and Organo-Modified Halloysites. Minerals, 12(3); 350
Zahir, A., Z. Aslam, U. Aslam, A. Abdullah, R. Ali, and M. M. Bello (2020). Paspalum Notatum Grass-Waste-Based Adsorbent for Rhodamine B Removal from Polluted Water. Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Quarterly, 34(2); 93–104
Zein, R., J. S. Purnomo, P. Ramadhani, M. F. Alif, and S. Safni (2022). Lemongrass (Cymbopogon nardus) Leaves Biowaste as an Effective and Low-Cost Adsorbent for Methylene Blue Dyes Removal: Isotherms, Kinetics, and Thermodynamics Studies. Separation Science and Technology, 57(15); 2341–2357
Zhao, Y., L. Zhu, W. Li, J. Liu, X. Liu, and K. Huang (2019). Insights into Enhanced Adsorptive Removal of Rhodamine B by Different Chemically Modified Garlic Peels: Comparison, Kinetics, Isotherms, Thermodynamics and Mechanism. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 293; 111516
Al-Tohamy, R., S. S. Ali, F. Li, K. M. Okasha, Y. A. G. Mahmoud, T. Elsamahy, H. Jiao, Y. Fu, and J. Sun (2022). A Critical Review on the Treatment of Dye-Containing Wastewater: Ecotoxicological and Health Concerns of Textile Dyes and Possible Remediation Approaches for Environmental Safety. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 231; 113160
Ali, N. S., N. M. Jabbar, S. M. Alardhi, H. S. Majdi, and T. M. Albayati (2022). Adsorption of Methyl Violet Dye Onto a Prepared Bio-Adsorbent from Date Seeds: Isotherm, Kinetics, and Thermodynamic Studies. Heliyon, 8(8); e10276
Amalina, F., A. S. Abd Razak, S. Krishnan, A. W. Zularisam, and M. Nasrullah (2022). A Review of Eco-Sustainable Techniques for the Removal of Rhodamine B Dye Utilizing Biomass Residue Adsorbents. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 128; 103267
Bhatti, H. N., Y. Safa, S. M. Yakout, O. H. Shair, M. Iqbal, and A. Nazir (2020). Efficient Removal of Dyes Using Carboxymethyl Cellulose/Alginate/Polyvinyl Alcohol/Rice Husk Composite: Adsorption/Desorption, Kinetics and Recycling Studies. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 150; 861–870
Bilal, M., T. Rasheed, J. E. Sosa-Hernández, A. Raza, F. Nabeel, and H. M. N. Iqbal (2018). Biosorption: An Interplay Between Marine Algae and Potentially Toxic Elements—A Review. Marine Drugs, 16; 65
Cheruiyot, G. K., W. C. Wanyonyi, J. J. Kiplimo, and E. N. Maina (2019). Adsorption of Toxic Crystal Violet Dye Using Coffee Husks: Equilibrium, Kinetics and Thermodynamics Study. Scientific African, 5; e00116
Dai, J., Z. Ye, K. Jin, L. Zhang, H. Han, and R. Sha (2021). Modified Garlic Straws as New Adsorbents for Removing Ionic Dyes from Aqueous Solutions. Desalination and Water Treatment, 237; 259–270
Dileko?lu, M. F. (2022). Malachite Green Adsorption from Aqueous Solutions Onto Biochar Derived from Sheep Manure: Adsorption Kinetics, Isotherm, Thermodynamic, and Mechanism. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 24(4); 436–446
Dung, V. N., T. T. D. Cham, N. M. V. Chau, M. N. Hung, T. P. Tuyet, M. T. T. Tuyet, and Q. N. Long (2023). Data on Chemical Composition of Coffee Husks and Lignin Microparticles as Their Extracted Product. Data in Brief, 51; 109781
Ghibate, R., O. Senhaji, and R. Taouil (2021). Kinetic and Thermodynamic Approaches on Rhodamine B Adsorption Onto Pomegranate Peel. Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering, 3; 100078
Guiza, S. (2017). Biosorption of Heavy Metal from Aqueous Solution Using Cellulosic Waste Orange Peel. Ecological Engineering, 99; 134–140
Gul, S., H. Gul, M. Gul, R. Khattak, G. Rukh, M. S. Khan, and H. A. Aouissi (2022). Enhanced Adsorption of Rhodamine B on Biomass of Cypress/False Cypress (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana) Fruit: Optimization and Kinetic Study. Water (Switzerland), 14(19); 2987
Harrache, Z., M. Abbas, T. Aksil, and M. Trari (2019). Thermodynamic and Kinetics Studies on Adsorption of Indigo Carmine from Aqueous Solution by Activated Carbon. Microchemical Journal, 144; 180–189
Hevira, L., Zilfa, Rahmayeni, J. O. Ighalo, H. Aziz, and R. Zein (2021). Terminalia Catappa Shell as Low-Cost Biosorbent for the Removal of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solutions. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 97; 188–199
International Agency for Research on Cancer (2022). Agents Classified by the IARC Monographs. Igarss
Inyinbor, A. A., F. A. Adekola, and G. A. Olatunji (2016). Kinetics, Isotherms and Thermodynamic Modeling of Liquid Phase Adsorption of Rhodamine B Dye Onto Raphia Hookerie Fruit Epicarp. Water Resources and Industry, 15; 14–27
Jamali, M. and A. Akbari (2021). Facile Fabrication of Magnetic Chitosan Hydrogel Beads and Modified by Interfacial Polymerization Method and Study of Adsorption of Cationic/Anionic Dyes from Aqueous Solution. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 9(3); 105175
Jin, Y., C. Zeng, Q. F. Lü, and Y. Yu (2019). Efficient Adsorption of Methylene Blue and Lead Ions in Aqueous Solutions by 5-Sulfosalicylic Acid Modified Lignin. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 123; 50–58
Juwita, A. I., A. Mustafa, and R. Tamrin (2017). Studi Pemanfaatan Kulit Kopi Arabika (Coffea Arabica L.) sebagai Mikro Organisme Lokal (MOL). AGROINTEK, 11(1); 1–8
Kurniawati, D., Y. Prestica, S. Sy, and N. L. Pernadi (2023). Methylene Blue Adsorption by Langsat Peel (Lansium Domesticum) Waste. Jurnal Litbang Industri, 13(2); 93–98
Kyriakopoulos, G. L., K. Tsimnadis, I. Sebos, and Y. Charabi (2024). Investigating the Effect of Pore Size Distribution on the Sorption Types and the Adsorption Deformation Characteristics of Porous Continua: The Case of Adsorption on Carbonaceous Materials. Crystals, 14(8); 742
Mansour, A. T., A. E. Alprol, K. M. Abualnaja, H. S. El-Beltagi, K. M. A. Ramadan, and M. Ashour (2022). Dried Brown Seaweed’s Phytoremediation Potential for Methylene Blue Dye Removal from Aquatic Environments. Polymers, 14(7); 1375
Matias, C. A., L. J. Guisolphi Gomes De Oliveira, R. Geremias, and J. Stolberg (2020). Biosorption of Rhodamine B from Aqueous Solution Using Araucaria Angustifolia Sterile Bracts. Revista Internacional de Contaminacion Ambiental, 36(1); 97–104
Musafira, M., N. M. Adam, and D. J. Puspitasari (2019). Pemanfaatan Limbah Kulit Buah Pisang Kepok (Musa Paradisiaca) sebagai Biosorben Zat Warna Rhodamin B. Kovalen: Jurnal Riset Kimia, 5(3); 308–314
Naboulsi, A., I. Naboulsi, A. Regti, M. El Himri, and M. El Haddad (2023). The Valorization of Rosemary Waste as A New Biosorbent to Eliminate the Rhodamine B Dye. Microchemical Journal, 191; 108790
Palapa, N. R., A. Amri, and Y. Hanifah (2023). Potential Indonesian Rice Husk for Wastewater Treatment Agricultural Waste Preparation and Dye Removal Application. Indonesian Journal of Environmental Management and Sustainability, 7(4); 160–165
Peng, S. H., R. Wang, L. Z. Yang, L. He, X. He, and X. Liu (2018). Biosorption of Copper, Zinc, Cadmium and Chromium Ions From Aqueous Solution by Natural Foxtail Millet Shell. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 165; 61–69
Putri, B. I., F. S. Arsyad, and A. Lesbani (2024). Hydrothermal Carbonization of Eucheuma Cottonii for Selective Adsorption of Anionic Dyes. Indonesian Journal of Environmental Management and Sustainability, 8(4); 154–165
Ramadhani, P., Z. Chaidir, Zilfa, Z. B. Tomi, D. Rahmiarti, and R. Zein (2020). Shrimp Shell (Metapenaeus Monoceros) Waste as A Low-Cost Adsorbent for Metanil Yellow Dye Removal in Aqueous Solution. Desalination and Water Treatment, 197; 413–423
Rangabhashiyam, S., N. Anu, and N. Selvaraju (2013). Sequestration of Dye from Textile Industry Wastewater using Agricultural Waste Products as Adsorbents. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 1(4); 629–641
Senol, Z. M., N. E. Messaoudi, Y. Fernine, and Z. S. Keskin (2023). Bioremoval of Rhodamine B Dye from Aqueous Solution by Using Agricultural Solid Waste (Almond Shell): Experimental and DFT Modeling Studies. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 14; 17927–17940
Singh, S., A. Kumar, and H. Gupta (2020). Activated Banana Peel Carbon: A Potential Adsorbent for Rhodamine B Decontamination from Aqueous System. Applied Water Science, 10; 185
Subramaniam, R. and S. Kumar Ponnusamy (2015). Novel Adsorbent from Agricultural Waste (Cashew Nut Shell) for Methylene Blue Dye Removal: Optimization by Response Surface Methodology. Water Resources and Industry, 11; 64–70
Vigneshwaran, S., P. Sirajudheen, P. Karthikeyan, and S. Meenakshi (2021). Fabrication of Sulfur-Doped Biochar Derived from Tapioca Peel Waste with Superior Adsorption Performance for the Removal of Malachite Green and Rhodamine B Dyes. Surfaces and Interfaces, 23; 100920
Wierzbicka, E., Kusmierek, A. Swiatkowski, and I. Legocka (2022). Efficient Rhodamine B Dye Removal from Water by Acid- and Organo-Modified Halloysites. Minerals, 12(3); 350
Zahir, A., Z. Aslam, U. Aslam, A. Abdullah, R. Ali, and M. M. Bello (2020). Paspalum Notatum Grass-Waste-Based Adsorbent for Rhodamine B Removal from Polluted Water. Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Quarterly, 34(2); 93–104
Zein, R., J. S. Purnomo, P. Ramadhani, M. F. Alif, and S. Safni (2022). Lemongrass (Cymbopogon nardus) Leaves Biowaste as an Effective and Low-Cost Adsorbent for Methylene Blue Dyes Removal: Isotherms, Kinetics, and Thermodynamics Studies. Separation Science and Technology, 57(15); 2341–2357
Zhao, Y., L. Zhu, W. Li, J. Liu, X. Liu, and K. Huang (2019). Insights into Enhanced Adsorptive Removal of Rhodamine B by Different Chemically Modified Garlic Peels: Comparison, Kinetics, Isotherms, Thermodynamics and Mechanism. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 293; 111516
Authors
Zein, R., Prestica, Y. ., Deswati, & Ramadhani, P. (2025). Utilization of Coffee Peel Waste as Biosorbent for Rhodamine B Dye Removal: Isotherm, Kinetics, and Thermodynamic Studies. Indonesian Journal of Environmental Management and Sustainability, 9(1), 36-45. https://doi.org/10.26554/ijems.2025.9.1.36-45
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